The Issue Of Gay Marriage Essay - 3392 Words

Well it is 2007, and we are still dealing with the issue of gay marriage being good, and not good for America. Now maybe in 20 years gay marriage will be legal in each state, and this issue will be over. However, I deal in reality. And reality tells me the idea of two men frotting inside a home with children, frankly makes people sick to their stomachs. I prefer women, but I think what two grown people do in their bedrooms is their private moral, and legal business. Just like a straight couple that would not involve their children openly in their sex life, I do not logically understand why people have this great misconception gay people some how would. But I m tired of this issue being talked about, I m tired of the debating over this issue. I am tired of watching protest after protest, I want focus on more important relative issues. So I m going to outline how to win this argument once and for all for those Christian Right Wing Conservative folks. You do not like the idea of queer s, fairies, peter puffers, carpet munchers, getting married? Makes you sick your stomach? Feel like they are ruining the entire concept of marriage? Feel like it is a danger to children that should be adopted rather than abused in shelter s? Okay, I will tell you how to win this argument and gain sole dominion over this issue. Changing the law to allow only one group of people, i.e. straight people to get married. Is not the way to go about your goal. Because you have to keep in mindShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Gay Marriages1028 Words   |  5 Pages1101-113 September 2, 2015 The Issue Of Gay Marriages Through The Eyes Of Sociologists Gay marriages have been an ongoing event in the United States for many years. It was not until June 26, 2015 when gay marriage was legalized for all states with a five to four ratio. With gay marriage being legalized, there became many controversies in the nation. The most recent controversy was when a Kentucky county clerk was jailed after defying a federal court order to issue marriage licenses to a same-sex coupleRead MoreGay Marriage and Its Issues1260 Words   |  6 PagesGay Marriage and its Issues Gay marriage has been an issue for a very long time and since some states are legalizing it, many worry that it would soon be added as an amendment. The topic of gay marriage brings up religious, legal, and many other issues. In Whats wrong with Gay Marriage? by Katha Pollitt, the author supports gay marriage and wants it legalized. She states that there is no problem with gay marriage and its all a matter of separating the church and state. But in â€Å"Gay ‘Marriage’:Read MoreThe Issue Of Gay Marriage1191 Words   |  5 PagesChristina Abreu Professor Peter Lamar Introduction to Classics in Philosophy 6 November 2014 Gay Marriage Thomas Jefferson wrote about â€Å"unalienable rights† in The Declaration of Independence. What he meant was there are rights that are given to us as human beings and cannot be taken away by the government. â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† are among those rights that are being suppressed against same sex couples. Their right to pursue happiness with their significant other is taken fromRead MoreThe Issue of Gay Marriages918 Words   |  4 PagesGay marriage has come to be a pressing topic in the contemporary society as more and more individuals get actively involved in discussing it. Individuals who oppose same-sex marriage are typically inclined to bring on a deontological argument or to say that legalizing the act might bring on other issues. In contrast, people who support gay marriages focus on matters related to human rights and justice. The arguments generated by each of the sides are certainly thought-provoking and it is very difficultRead More Issue of Gay Marriage1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe Issue of Gay Marriage Summary This essay debates the issue of same sex marriage in the United States. It considers the pros and cons and examines the constitutional issues involved. Introduction Two strangers become friends and later fall in love. They tell their friends and family that they have each found their soul mate and they intend to get married as soon as possible. There is only one issue preventing them from getting married, not financial issues, and there are no love trianglesRead MoreThe Issue of Gay Marriage864 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The issue of gay marriage is one of many fronts. Looking into the nation’s past, an individual will realize that depriving anyone of free will and/or rights they feel they should have doesn’t work. A critical argument against gay marriage, is that being gay is a â€Å"choice† therefore it shouldn’t be promoted and spread. This is false because one who is truly homosexual is naturally sexually attracted to the same sex. A heterosexual male cannot just make a choice to engage in homosexual intercourseRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay Marriage1241 Words   |  5 PagesAs the months pass by, the lesbian, gay , bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community is getting tired of the same arguments in court. They as well as many other Americans are waiting for an answer. Although the solution to this public crises is to let them have their rights, many opposing people classify their arguments as correct or valid. However clear the answer may be, it has yet to be confirmed by all the states in America. Some major factors that lead to this conflict is whether homosexualityRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay Marriage2127 Words   |  9 Pageslonger us as Americans fighting a common enemy such as England, it was now Americans vs Americans. Multiple issues such as gun laws and religion have separated the United States since its creation. Though recently, the main issue that has caused a divide in the American population is the issue of gay marriage. In the past year the most important piece of legislation in favor of gay marriage and equal rights was created, and it all spurred off of a single court case. Ob ergefell v. Hodges. In orderRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay Marriage3385 Words   |  14 PagesHistory teaches us that marriage has classically been between a man and a woman, but in the recent years, people have begun to challenge that notion. Gay marriage has been one of the most controversial topics of debate lately, dividing our nation into those who support the idea and those who oppose. It seems as though no matter who is asked, each person’s opinion falls to one side or the other. States have been similarly divided in their treatment of the gay marriage issue. Voters in some states haveRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay Marriage2016 Words   |  9 Pagesthem. Christians for example do not believe in gay marriage. It is not part of their truth and most likely never will be. This is because they believe in the bible, and a god (higher power) which tells them that gay marriage is wrong. They use this information to decide what their truth is and how they will live out their lives. On the flip side of this there are many people who were raised, or influenced by people who are completely fine with gay marriage therefore those people whom they influence (the

Wal Mart Hr Strategies Free Essays

Abstract Wal-Mart is the largest retailer in the world. They have reached such success by offering everyday low prices to a generalized target market of middle to lower class, though anyone looking to save a buck can be attracted. What does Wal-Mart do to stay on tract, stay running with a diverse workforce, and continue to offer the best deals around? ? Wal-Mart has recently introduced a strategic approach that would help sustain their role as the largest retailer in the world, as well as keeping their customers happy and healthy. We will write a custom essay sample on Wal Mart Hr Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now The initiative has been dubbed â€Å"Project Impact†, and was introduced in late 2009. The projects purpose is to improve the benefits to the consumer. There are three initiatives within the project which include; â€Å"Save Money, Live Better; Win, Play, Show; and Fast, Friendly, Clean† (Murray, 2013). With a declining economy, as well as a loss in consumers due to the likes of Target Co. and other competitors, Wal-Mart needed to make a change in order to keep their customers coming back. So they restricted their strategic approach. Wal-Mart has revamped its approach and internal design by widening isles, enhancing the use of signs within the store for product location, as well as adding natural light to offer a friendlier atmosphere to their customers (Murray, 2013). The first Initiative in their new approach is â€Å"save Money, Live Better. † As one can see by the title, Wal-Mart is continuing to obtain price leadership. Wal-Mart is known for their everyday low prices, but must continue to ward off attempts from rival organizations. They are able to do so with the help of their private labels. In a day and age when people are choosing to save money, they can choose a cheaper alternative choice in Wal-Mart’s own private labels such as Great Value (Murray, 2013). The next initiative is Win, Play, and Show. Wal-Mart wants to be the first in the market to be able to showcase new products; allowing them to lead in pricing. They also want to make it where vendors will continuously market to Wal-Mart to maintain their positions on their shelves. And finally, with show, they don’t want to overwhelm the consumer with products, yet they do not want to lack a particular good. So say they have multiple brands of a particular product; they are now narrowing it down to the top market choices. With Fast, Friendly, and Clean, Wal-Mart wants to enhance the in store experience of the consumer. Merchandise flow plays a big part. â€Å"Wal-Mart has a merchandise replenishment cycle of no more than 48 hours. Wal-Mart has adopted efficient processes such as cross-docking which as reduced operating costs, increased throughput, reduces inventory levels and eliminates unnecessary handling and storage of product† (Murray, 2013). Wal-Mart has adopted a â€Å"green† policy. Sustainability is crucial in this effort. â€Å"The company is dedicated to maximize the efficiency from the raw material phase to the manufacturing phase, from supplier to distribution center, from distribution center to store, stockroom to shelf, shelf to consumer, from store to home, from pantry to consumption with the ultimate goal of Zero Waste† (Murray, 2013). In order to make all these things attainable, Wal-Mart must maintain a well trained workforce. This workforce must be given all the tools necessary to complete the tasks at hand, as well as be equipped with a set guideline as to what must be done in order to continuously lead the industry. This lies heavily on Human Resources and Top Management alike. Wal-Mart has been in the headlines quite a few times in terms of what they â€Å"lack† as an organization. First off, Wal-Mart has been well known for their distaste towards unionization, and has even been known to shut down facilities that have successfully obtained a bargaining power (Capelli, 2006). This has been a highlight of top stories in the media, but other issues are very much among us. Health care is a recent issue that has poked its head out. It is becoming more apparent that Wal-Mart offers relatively little access to such benefits. Many states that offer health-care subsidies to low-income individuals and families have discovered a disproportionate number of participants employed at Wal-Mart (Capelli, 2006). Since this has come out, Wal-Mart has released that they will be expanding benefits to their employees, starting with opening health clinics within their own stores. Another issue is that Wal-Mart makes it as if they are there to help those who need financial assistance. An everyday low price is all they hear. Evidence has shown that Wal-Mart stores have a negative effect on the outlying areas in which they build. Opening up a big store will surely create jobs for that area, but it is actually the smaller businesses that are hiring the majority. Wal-Mart basically comes in and offers these low prices, and they mom and pop stores can no longer compete (Capelli, 2006). This attempt may also lower wages within a geographical area. You may have high pricing businesses that are being outsold now that Wal-Mart is in town. They cannot continue to pay their employees what they were because there is simply not enough coming in. All it takes is a simple marginal analysis to realize that they simply cannot compete. What this shows is that Wal-Marts so called beneficial, consumer friendly business strategies do not match up with how things are run internally. One cannot claim that they are for sustainability and responsible stewardship, and continue to knowingly undermine the backbone and driving force of the organization. It is as though Wal-Mart may have reached a point where they blindly follow a â€Å"Money-is-Happy† economical method. ? References Cappelli, P. (2006). Wal-Mart and the obligations of business. Retrieved from http://www. hreonline. com/HRE/view/story. jhtml? id=4615496 Murry, M. (2013). Wal-Mart’s strategic initiatives. Retrieved from http://logistics. about. com/od/industryfocus/a/Wal-Mart. htm How to cite Wal Mart Hr Strategies, Essay examples

Sport And Health Management In Abu Dhabi - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Sport And Health Management In Abu Dhabi. Answer: Introduction Awareness regarding sports and health issues are important for the health and wellbeing of individuals. Suitable physical activities and involvement in sports along with the basic awareness regarding health can be stated as major components of a healthy lifestyle. The government of Abu Dhabi realizes this fact and is interested in enhancing the awareness regarding the health and sports in Abu Dhabi. Various studies and scientific evidences project that the frequent practice of physical activities and sports with adequate health awareness allows individuals regardless of their race, age and gender to live a healthy life (Hunt et al. 2014). It is seen that various strategies in order to improve diet, quitting unhealthy substances like tobacco, alcohol and food with saturated fat can bring in various diseases to human body and increasing awareness regarding these issues can definitely improve individuals lifestyle along with that it can benefit the society in many ways. Background of the research The purpose of this research is to highlight the fact that increased awareness regarding sports and health can be helpful to empower Emirati society and that can potentially help to the sustainable development of Abu Dhabi. In todays world, it is seen that overall physical inactivity is approximated to cause at least 1.9 million deaths worldwide annually (Sallis et al. 2015). Due to inactivity the chances of cardiovascular diseases increase up to 1.5 to 2 times in individuals and thus in modern world experts always recommend to get engaged in some physical activities (Hamer, Lavoie and Bacon 2014). It is seen that the burden of non communicable diseases are moving to the developing and underdeveloped countries throughout the globe. In this situation why the individuals of Abu Dhabi are getting exposed in front of these diseases are becoming a matter of concern day by day. Chronic NCDs can surely be termed as diseases of affluence; this justifies the main topic of the research, where it is necessary to build proper awareness regarding health and sports in the land of Abu Dhabi for improving the state of the nation. In the developed countries the higher burden of NCD is seen and that means that they face a double load in the health services (Stenholm et al. 2016). Apart from that the sufferings of the individuals brings in various troubles and becomes hurdles in the smooth path of the societal development. Thus, prevention of NCDs by engaging in physical activities is a must for everyone be it living in a developed nation or in a developing one. Research aim The aim of this research is to highlight various factors that affect individuals due to lack of appropriate physical activities; such as various non communicable diseases. This research aims to show that increased awareness regarding health and sports can help to sustain the development of the country and will empower the Emirati community. Research objective To increase the awareness regarding health and sports or physical activities among the individuals of Abu Dhabi for a sustainable development of the nation. To show how can increased physical activities help individuals to lower threats of non communicable diseases? Research questions R1. How lack of appropriate physical activities bring in various non communicable diseases? R2. How the government of Abu Dhabi can increase adequate awareness regarding health and sports among the individuals? R3. How can individuals lower their risks of non communicable diseases by increasing physical activities? Structure of the research paper The introduction part of this research work gives an overview of the main topic of the research and that is how increased awareness regarding health and physical activities help to sustain the development of the nation. Apart from that the chapter one or the introductory part includes the main research questions along with the objective of the research and the main objective of this research work. After that in the literature review section, the contemporary issues and debates in this context is mentioned with proper evidences. In the methodology section it is mentioned how the research scholar intends to go about the social research work. Brief of the methodological debates and specific techniques of taking out the research work is mentioned in the methodology section. Literature review Conceptual framework Conceptual framework Source: Created by author Literature review Worldwide it is seen that more than 62% of the adults are reluctant in engaging in any kinds of physical activities which are beneficial for their health. It is a matter of fact that physical inactivity is most seen among women, elder adults and individuals from either extremely poor socio-economic background or individuals from higher socio-economical background. In many cases physical activities decreases with aging during the adolescence and this trend is alarming in Abu Dhabi along with in many countries worldwide (Hamer, Lavoie and Bacon 2014). Statistics provide the fact that currently almost one third of the entire population of earth are suffering from non communicable diseases due to lack of proper physical activities. In Abu Dhabi it is a concerning fact that the decreasing physical activities and lesser programs regarding physical education is making it difficult for the youths and the elder adults to live a proper healthy life. In this way the higher body mass index rates are increasing among the adults of the residents of Abu Dhabi exposing them in front of various cardio-vascular diseases and other non communicable diseases (Hunt et al. 2014). This situation is directly related to the lack of proper physical activities in leisure times and in many ways even more likely that the trends of passing leisure times by watching television or playing indoor games. This trend needs to be in control soon before major damage is done. It is the duty of the government that they should come up with improvised policies regarding these issues. The government should support and arrange programs and debates regarding this issue and the general awareness regarding this topic should be increased. Direct and indirect benefits It can be said that frequent physical activities like getting engaged in sports or any sorts of physical activities can effectively help to achieve various gains which are health related. Apart from lesser physical activities, individuals uncontrolled usage of tobacco, alcohol and other substances are making it difficult for the citizens of Abu Dhabi to live a healthy life and due to these reasons their rate of life expectancy is decreasing majorly (Sallis et al. 2015). Thus in this context, it is worth mentioning that, lack of physical activities lead to various health problems like increased blood pressure, cholesterol level, sugar level and many more. Above all, lack of physical activities increases stress and various types of cardio vascular diseases. It is a proven fact that adequate physical activities effectively reduce risks of some cancers, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. These are the direct benefits of getting engaged to physical activities. Figure: health benefits physical activities Source: (Hamer, Lavoie and Bacon 2014) Minimum physical activity required In this regard it can be said that an individual should get engaged in at least 150 minutes in any kinds of physical activities in order to prevent any types of cardiovascular diseases for them who are genetically prone to get exposed to these types of diseases. Apart from that if an individual who has a physically fit body, if invests 45 minutes in any kind of physical activities daily there should not be any physical issues. In todays world, technological advancement and economic affluence in majority of the households of UAE is affecting the general physical activities of the citizen. In this context it should be mentioned that individuals can at least try to take a small walk rather than using vehicles and even might help in daily chores as an act of staying physically fit (Sallis et al. 2015). The government of UAE is thus encouraging in building clubs where individuals can easily subscribe and enjoy and play various kinds of outdoor sports, can swim, can ride horses and even ca n invest sometime in gym. The government is providing huge financial back up to those clubs in order to keep the citizens fit to maintain a healthy human resource for the country. Empowering community It is a matter of fact that as the government of UAE is trying to invest in clubs and in various sports activities, in this way there would be immense requirement of human resources in order to run the managerial works, coordinating and many other sectors. Thus in this way a huge population can get jobs and this would rightly help to empower a significant amount of the Emirati community (Stenholm et al. 2016). It is a matter of fact that the act of encouraging to get physically fit is definitely the example of sharp vision of the government of UAE; as they understood that human resources are the asset of any nation and in order to sustain the development of the country, the physically fit human resources is a major necessity. Economic benefits of physical activity There are various economic benefits of physical activities and this section of is research gives a brief idea of the matter. If an individual gets engaged in adequate amount of physical activities on a daily basis he would definitely witness reduced health costs, significantly increased productivity, and positive social along with physical environment. It is a proven fact that economic consequences of physical activities actually affect individuals, businesses of the country and definitely the nation. Various secondary data provides the fact that in USA roughly 1 dollar investment in equipments and gears related to physical activities saves at least 3.7 US dollars (Hamer, Lavoie and Bacon 2014). This astonishing data somehow attracted the attention of the government of UAE and that made the government realize the effectiveness of investing for physical activities of the general population of the country. Apart from that it is seen that workplace physical activity programs can reduce various types of sick leaves up to 4 percent and this is another statistic that backs up the entire idea of making the entire population of the country more physically fit. Environmental issues The social and physical environment of the cities of the country UAE has immense impact on the extent of the physical activities of the population. For an example, it can be said that the promotion of physical activities by commuting allows the government to build a greater utilization of the public transportations and that can attract the urban planners and agents of transportation (Stenholm et al. 2016). The key issues in this regard are improving the infrastructures like playgrounds, stairwells, road networks that can serve the purpose. There are some huddles in the path of the improvements; like criminal activities, decreasing air quality and these can effectively reduce the positive factors of the good initiatives of the government. Research methodology Outline of the research methodology The outline of the research shows the tools of the research methodology which were chosen and executed by the social researcher. The research scholar somehow is able to provide adequate explanation regarding the assortment of the methodology of the research for the topic above mentioned. Type of the research Selected Methodology Philosophy of the Research Postpositivism Design of the Research Descriptive Research Approach Deductive Research Strategy Interview of Focus Group Process of Data Collection Primary Data Analysis Process Quantitative Analysis Research philosophy In this research Post positivism is chosen as the main philosophy of the research as, it would allow the researcher to emphasize interdependence between the social research and the participants of the research. For this research work, the researcher should invest more attention on the quantitative factors. The chief constituents of this philosophical approach are the laws relating interactions between the units of the research and the description of the boundaries for the particular theory. A post positivists approach should also consist of the empirical indicators to connect the observable phenomena and the hypotheses which can be tested using proper scientific tool. Using Post positivism philosophy, the researcher would try to falsify the hypothesis and especially quantitative analysis can be done in this way for this particular research. Research approach The appropriate approach of research is the deductive method. In deductive approach, it is majorly based on the active concepts and theories. The deductive approach can offer a prospect for the research scholar helping him to examine the existing impression and relating the same with the research topic. For this study of research, the scholar has chosen the deductive approach as that can enable the researcher to convert the common data into detailed information. Apart from that, this can facilitate the research scholar to get to the bottom of the contemporary theories and the information as an alternative of improving a new idea or a fresh theory. Research design For this research paper, the research scholar has selected the descriptive type of design. The key cause behind this is the amalgamation of all the advantages regarding both the explanatory and the exploratory type research design. This allows the research scholar to explain the subject of the research and predicting the future occurrence that is directly related to the experience. Strategy of the research For this particular social research, the research scholar will have to make good use the questionnaires that should be e-mailed to the respondents or to be distributed within a precise area where the researcher hopes to find them. Another form would be the interview, which is the one to one communication that the researcher hopes to perform with some officials of the administrative department, fitness trainers, doctors and general citizens. The survey is conducted by making close ended questions and collecting data from reliable sources in order to collect the factual data more precisely. Interviewing can be defined as the process of data collection and an in-depth discussion is made among the interviewer and the respondent. It is done with a reason like survey and research, where both the parties are inclined towards contributing in a boundary that is one to one. In this process, the stimuli of oral-verbal are being depicted and answered by means of oral-verbal reactions. It is usually is considered as one of the most brilliant methods of data collection because it allows a two way swap of information. In this way, the researcher gets to discern the respondent while the respondent discovers about the researcher. The interviews should be personal in nature, where the interviewer should go for open ended type of questions. In case of the interview linked with data collection process, the chance of the non-responses will be almost none; because in a face to face type of interaction, people would not be able to keep away from answering the questions. Data collection method For the method of primary data collection, interviews and questionnaires must be the chief instruments to get to know the chief motive of the topic. Relevant people like the officials of the administrative department along with local and few other individuals would be the ones who should be targeted by the social researcher for the purpose of his research work and going along with the data collection method. Subsequently, whatever the way is for the collection of information, it ought to be fulfilling the requisites. The ultimate objective would to be to productively finish the research study satisfying the aims and objectives of the research work by an appropriate research study. Outcomes The main research questions were how the lack of physical activities brings in various non communicable diseases and the research study rightly proves how inadequate physical activities expose individuals in front of various health problems and diseases. On the other hand the research shows how the government of UAE can take several initiatives in order to keep the human resources of the country more physically fit in order to sustain the development of the nation. Time scale Time duration Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Plans Making research questions Literature review Literature review Data collection Data analysis Data analysis Final outcome References Beard, J.R., Officer, A., de Carvalho, I.A., Sadana, R., Pot, A.M., Michel, J.P., Lloyd-Sherlock, P., Epping-Jordan, J.E., Peeters, G.G., Mahanani, W.R. and Thiyagarajan, J.A., 2016. The World report on ageing and health: a policy framework for healthy ageing.The Lancet,387(10033), pp.2145-2154. Chriqui, J.F., Economos, C.D., Henderson, K., Kohl III, H.W., Kumanyika, S.K. and Ward, D.S., 2014. Environmental change strategies to promote healthy eating and physical activity and reduce disparities.Childhood Obesity,10(1), pp.11-17. Dahlgren, D. and Whitehead, M., 2017. European Strategies for tackling social inequalities in health: levelling up part 2.Health. Hamer, M., Lavoie, K.L. and Bacon, S.L., 2014. Taking up physical activity in later life and healthy ageing: the English longitudinal study of ageing.Br J Sports Med,48(3), pp.239-243. Hoeger, W.W., Hoeger, S.A., Hoeger, C.I. and Fawson, A.L., 2018.Lifetime of Physical Fitness and Wellness. Cengage Learning. Hunt, K., Wyke, S., Gray, C.M., Anderson, A.S., Brady, A., Bunn, C., Donnan, P.T., Fenwick, E., Grieve, E., Leishman, J. and Miller, E., 2014. A gender-sensitised weight loss and healthy living programme for overweight and obese men delivered by Scottish Premier League football clubs (FFIT): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial.The Lancet,383(9924), pp.1211-1221. Kuh, D., Karunananthan, S., Bergman, H. and Cooper, R., 2014. A life-course approach to healthy ageing: maintaining physical capability.Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,73(2), pp.237-248. Sallis, J.F., Owen, N. and Fisher, E., 2015. Ecological models of health behavior.Health behavior: theory, research, and practice. 5th ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp.43-64. Sallis, R., Franklin, B., Joy, L., Ross, R., Sabgir, D. and Stone, J., 2015. Strategies for promoting physical activity in clinical practice.Progress in cardiovascular diseases,57(4), pp.375-386. Staud, R., Boissoneault, J., Robinson, M., Lai, S. and Stroman, P., 2017. (445) Increased Spinal Cord Neuronal Activity of Healthy Individuals Correlates with Temporal Summation of Second Pain.The Journal of Pain,18(4), p.S85. Stenholm, S., Head, J., Kivimki, M., Kawachi, I., Aalto, V., Zins, M., Goldberg, M., Zaninotto, P., Magnuson Hanson, L., Westerlund, H. and Vahtera, J., 2016. Smoking, physical inactivity and obesity as predictors of healthy and disease-free life expectancy between ages 50 and 75: a multicohort study.International journal of epidemiology,45(4), pp.1260-1270. Takacs, J., Pollock, C.L., Guenther, J.R., Bahar, M., Napier, C. and Hunt, M.A., 2014. Validation of the Fitbit One activity monitor device during treadmill walking.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,17(5), pp.496-500. Tolppanen, A.M., Solomon, A., Kulmala, J., Kreholt, I., Ngandu, T., Rusanen, M., Laatikainen, T., Soininen, H. and Kivipelto, M., 2015. Leisure-time physical activity from mid-to late life, body mass index, and risk of dementia.Alzheimer's Dementia,11(4), pp.434-443. Tremblay, M.S., Gray, C.E., Akinroye, K., Harrington, D.M., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Lambert, E.V., Liukkonen, J., Maddison, R., Ocansey, R.T., Onywera, V.O. and Prista, A., 2014. Physical activity of children: a global matrix of grades comparing 15 countries.Journal of physical activity and health,11(s1), pp.S113-S125.

Revolution Of 1800 Essays - United States, Military Personnel

Revolution of 1800 The Revolution of 1800 was monumental in the development of the United States as a nation. It proved to other nations that the republican experiment began by the revolutionary seed of independence could not only thrive, but succeed. In the fierce political battles of Adam's term this orderly exchange of power seemed impossible to ever achieve but this election proved all the skeptics wrong. The Revolution of 1800 was so named by the winner of the 1800 election, Thomas Jefferson. He called this election a revolution because his party, the Republicans, peacefully and orderly received the power with nothing but acceptance by the federalists. This was how the founding fathers designed the government to be. It was revolutionary for America because this was not even achieved in England until a full generation later and this country was only a little over 20 years old. Other countries began to look up to a respect, maybe even copy the advances that this democracy was making. There were fierce political battles during Washington's and Adam's terms as president and it seemed that if the balance of power was changed that the upset party would rebel. This election obviously quieted any fears of rebellion and symbolized that all the people in America respected and honored the wishes of other Americans and of the government. The Revolution of 1800 clearly was an omen for the continued success and growth of the United States of America.

George Washington’s Farewell Address Essays

George Washington’s Farewell Address Essays George Washington’s Farewell Address Essay George Washington’s Farewell Address Essay Abstract George Washington was the first president of the United States of America. He reigned for two footings after which he decided to retire. He is considered as one of the greatest leaders that America has of all time had in its history. He decided to print his celebrated address. the farewell address in the American day-to-day advertizer of September 19. 1796. In his address. he addressed a figure of issues which he felt were of import and that could assist take the state to be more comfortable even after he had retired from presidential term. This paper is traveling to look into some of the of import facet of his address and what he considered good for the state. George Washington began his address by doing it known to the people that he had no purpose of running for office for the 3rd clip and that he intended to retire because he had become of age and needed to retire from political relations. He appreciated the support that he had received from the people that far and indicated to them that he had no any other motivation of retiring other than that of a friend. He encouraged integrity in the authorities because integrity was the footing of independence. He went in front to give the common properties which could convey about unity both at place and internationally which he said were: same faith. political rules. manners and wonts ( Washington. 1970 ) . He encouraged integrity among the provinces: North and South in which he encouraged them to work together as it could convey more strength. security and resources. He suggested that authorities was indispensable through the fundamental law. He warned people against utilizing parties as deadly effects because of the effects it was likely to convey approximately. The spirit of invasion was besides supposed to be avoided as it could take to dictatorship and the powers of the authorities were to be checked to avoid such state of affairss. Harmonizing to Washington ( 1970 ) . for political prosperity. morality and faith should be encouraged. He advised the authorities to avoid acquiring into debt through avoiding state of affairss which could promote it like war. : Refering the foreign policy. he encouraged them to keep one that could be considered just and merely to them and other states. The policy he said should be free of any hatred fond regards. guard the province against foreign intervention although it could let for temporal confederations with other states. attention was to be taken to guarantee there is no intervention. In decision. he hoped that the advocate he had given. could be followed by the governments. He believed that his leading had been guided by the rules he had stated. advised against taking sides in the European war and prayed to God to rectify any unwilled mistakes his disposal might hold committed and was optimistic of basking good Torahs under a free authorities after his retirement which were his shutting comments ( Washington. 1970 ) . References Washington George. ( 1970 ) . George Washington’s Farewell Address. Bedford. Massachusetts: Applewood Books.

American Films and Backhoe Operators

To select the one who would get the job, the company asked each of them to go out and actually work on the backhoe for a day. Jim felt his chance for the job disappear because he had never even driven a tractor, let alone used a backhoe. When he went out, he did not know how to start the tractor. One of the other backhoe operators had to show him. He managed through the day, and to his surprise, did better than the others. He was given the job. On his first day at the new job, one of the other backhoe operators showed him where to check the hydraulic fluid and said, â€Å"These old Masseys are foolproof. You will be okay. † Jim taught himself how to dig a hole by trial and error. He initially believed that the best way was to fill the bucket as much as possible before lifting it out of the hole and emptying it. He would wiggle the bucket back and forth until it was submerged and then curl it. When it came out of the hole, the earth would be falling off the sides. This job was not so difficult after all, he thought. He cut through his first water line about two weeks after starting his new job. Going into a deep, muddy hole did not make the crew happy. After Jim cut through his third water line, the crew chief pulled him aside and said, â€Å"You are taking too much earth out with each bucket, so you don’t feel the bucket hitting the water line; ease up a bit. Water lines were usually six to eight feet down, so Jim would dig until about four feet and then try to be more careful. It was then that he pulled up some telephone lines that were only about three feet deep. Realizing that more was involved in operating a backhoe than he first had thought, he sought out Bill Granger, who was known to have broken a water line only twice in his 15 years. It was said that he was so good that he could dig underneath the gas lines—a claim that Jim doubted. Bill said, â€Å"You need to be able to feel any restriction. The way to do that is to have more than one of your levers open at the same time. Operating the bucket lever and the boom lever at the same time reduces the power and causes the machine to stop rather than cut through a line of any type. † Jim began to use this method but still broke water lines. The difference now was that he knew immediately when he broke a line. He could feel the extra pull, whereas in the past, he found out either by seeing water gushing up or by hearing the crew chief swearing at him. He was getting better. Jim never did become as good as Bill Granger. In fact, two years later, he applied for another job as gas repairperson and was promoted, but the training as a gas repairperson was not much better. Case Questions 1. What are the potential costs to this lack of training? Why do you think the company operated in this manner? 2. What type of training would you recommend: OJT, classroom, or a combination? Describe what the training might entail. 3. What type of training environment would you provide? 4. Who would you get to do the training, and why? 5. Would you consider purchasing a training program for backhoe operators? Provide your rationale. American Films and Backhoe Operators To select the one who would get the job, the company asked each of them to go out and actually work on the backhoe for a day. Jim felt his chance for the job disappear because he had never even driven a tractor, let alone used a backhoe. When he went out, he did not know how to start the tractor. One of the other backhoe operators had to show him. He managed through the day, and to his surprise, did better than the others. He was given the job. On his first day at the new job, one of the other backhoe operators showed him where to check the hydraulic fluid and said, â€Å"These old Masseys are foolproof. You will be okay. † Jim taught himself how to dig a hole by trial and error. He initially believed that the best way was to fill the bucket as much as possible before lifting it out of the hole and emptying it. He would wiggle the bucket back and forth until it was submerged and then curl it. When it came out of the hole, the earth would be falling off the sides. This job was not so difficult after all, he thought. He cut through his first water line about two weeks after starting his new job. Going into a deep, muddy hole did not make the crew happy. After Jim cut through his third water line, the crew chief pulled him aside and said, â€Å"You are taking too much earth out with each bucket, so you don’t feel the bucket hitting the water line; ease up a bit. Water lines were usually six to eight feet down, so Jim would dig until about four feet and then try to be more careful. It was then that he pulled up some telephone lines that were only about three feet deep. Realizing that more was involved in operating a backhoe than he first had thought, he sought out Bill Granger, who was known to have broken a water line only twice in his 15 years. It was said that he was so good that he could dig underneath the gas lines—a claim that Jim doubted. Bill said, â€Å"You need to be able to feel any restriction. The way to do that is to have more than one of your levers open at the same time. Operating the bucket lever and the boom lever at the same time reduces the power and causes the machine to stop rather than cut through a line of any type. † Jim began to use this method but still broke water lines. The difference now was that he knew immediately when he broke a line. He could feel the extra pull, whereas in the past, he found out either by seeing water gushing up or by hearing the crew chief swearing at him. He was getting better. Jim never did become as good as Bill Granger. In fact, two years later, he applied for another job as gas repairperson and was promoted, but the training as a gas repairperson was not much better. Case Questions 1. What are the potential costs to this lack of training? Why do you think the company operated in this manner? 2. What type of training would you recommend: OJT, classroom, or a combination? Describe what the training might entail. 3. What type of training environment would you provide? 4. Who would you get to do the training, and why? 5. Would you consider purchasing a training program for backhoe operators? Provide your rationale.

Technology Studies Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Technology Studies Case Study - Essay Example It is no surprise that moisture is one of the main dilemma of the hotel maintenance department because UK copes up with something like 25,000 gallon of water annually. Nearly all moisture problems are much less severe than they actually look. Moisture can be very dangerous to our health. It can intensify respiratory problems and it can even encourage mites and moulds to grow. The properties of moisture can be very serious and even makes the whole surrounding cold and unpleasant to see. Moisture can be anywhere. They could be on the roof, on the walls, on the floors, windows, doors and pipeline. Oftentimes, the presence Saturated up through permeable materials like concrete hollow blocks into the floors and walls of the home, and it usually occurs in building which did not have any waterproofing in the track of its construction. Consequently, rising moisture can be detected easily. We can conclude that there is rising moisture in the area if, the wall is in contact with the ground, if the walls feel dampy and cold to touch and if there are stains on wall decorations. Nevertheless, rising moisture rarely goes up above one meter on the wall. Penatrating moisture is frequently caused by the building plumbing. The trouble comes in when the water is tolerable to enter the property. Symptoms of rising moisture frequently becomes noticeable during the rainy season. It usually affects roofs, ceilings and walls. Water marks appear if water continues to enter the house. It can be caused by groove or roof problems which had allowed rainwater to trickle in and soak area of walls. This is frequently seen in old houses that has solid wall. Penetrating moisture is very Not easy to find and may require proficient help. There are many ways of treating moisture. Rising moisture is worse at the bottom of a wall than at the top. Aside from blocked airbricks, the most frequent cause is 'bridging", this is when soil from the garden climbs up directly on the house wall and trap moisture. This problem is frequent and it can be easily worked out. Excavate the soil from the house so that the soil can no longer knock against the wall. A technique used in old properties is the inoculation of chemical in the problem areas. If the moisture is getting higher through the floorboard, a moisture-proof membrane maybe frayed so it is best to have a refitting. Penetrating moisture More often than not forms when water get into the property. Check up in details grooves, downpipes, flashings and window frames. It will be best to check everything inside and around the property area. Check the sealing of window frames to make sure that there must be a drip groove to get rid of rainwater. If there are blocks, clear them comprehensively. An ill-fitted roofing on a flat roof will probably cause moisture and a fractured wall can let water in. Repair a fractured wall with protective material and fit insulation rubber to all door frames. Application of Outdoor water proofing fluid will be helpful if the outdoor brickwork is already absorbent. A moisture proof track is also one means of avoiding increasing moisture. This is a process where in two layers of bricks with a space between can avoid moisture. This is frequent

Arts & Visual Literacy Exploring Visual Tactics and Strategies Assignment

Arts & Visual Literacy Exploring Visual Tactics and Strategies - Assignment Example The essay will relay more information on the visual literacy and some of the tactics used by Frida Kahlo as depicted in her portrait, â€Å"The Two Fridas†. The portrait is a full description of Frida’s two different personalities. On the right is the image of Frida holding an amulet, the amulet bears the image of Diego, her former husband. The image on the right portrays a Frida that was not only respected but also loved by Diego and the amulet having Diego’s image is evident how close they were while still couples (â€Å"Frida Kahlo Fans†). The image also Shows Frida wearing a Tehuana costume, this costume was always worn by native Mexican women and by wearing it, Frida portrayed her love for Diego who was a Mexican. Conversely, on the left is a very different Frida. Unlike the Frida on the right who is in love, the other Frida is in pain and anguish since she is no longer married. She is wearing a white Victorian wedding gown symbolizing she was once married and the wedding gown is the proof. Unlike the first Frida that was holding an amulet bearing Diego’s image, the Frida in white is holding surgical pincers. The amulet in Frida’s arms is the source of a vein that goes through the women’s hearts. The Frida in Tehuana costume is not bothered with the vein connecting her with Diego because she is in love; conversely, the rejected Frida has cut the vein linking her to Diego. Cutting the vein has caused bleeding and Frida is not able to stop it, this symbolizes that after the being divorced, she went through trauma to the extent that she felt like dying (â€Å"Frida Kahlo Fans†). The two Fridas hearts are exposed; the heart of Frida in love is whole whereas the divorced Frida has a broken heart. This is clear indication that Frida is in in agony after her lover left her and in the process left her heart incomplete with no one to

Examination Paper Essay Example for Free

Examination Paper Essay 1. Discuss potential cross-ethnic, cross-cultural, and cross-class factors that may affect interview validity. How would you handle such an interview? Validity, as applied to cross-ethnic, cross-cultural, and cross-class interview, is a judgment of how well the interview measures what it purports to measure in a particular context. More specifically, it is a judgment based on evidence about the appropriateness of inferences drawn from the interview. Interviews are a very powerful tool. Hence it should be handled correctly to allow full exploration of the subject at hand, including follow-up questions (which take practice and skill to develop). I should do the following: 1. I should â€Å"stick with the program† and address only the intended topic, but sometimes, however, an interview subject will bring up a relevant idea that the researcher had not considered or had discounted. So I should have the ability to pursue this line of reasoning with the subject while maintaining academic rigor is an important skill to have. 2. I will look for patterns of responses that repeat themselves over many different respondents. I should use the mirror questions use an earlier response as a way to generate a follow-up question. Let’s say my interviewee commented, â€Å"I like my job a lot most of the time, but sometimes it’s really a struggle.†So my mirror question back to the respondent would be, â€Å"You said that you like your job most of the time, but sometimes it’s really a struggle. What it is that sometimes happens that makes your job a struggle for you?† This technique accomplishes two very important goals: It lets the subject   know that you are actually paying attention, which will perhaps encourage further interaction with you, and it allows you to delve deeper into the subject’s feelings. Most people aren’t grammarians, but they do tend to use words carefully. 3. Also I should be alert for a difference in the articulateness of the subject. If one participant answers a question much more smoothly than other participants, it could mean that that person has been asked the question several times before, or it could mean that the person has given a lot of thought to the topic. It might help to ask a follow-up question to that effect. It’s recommended that you ask the â€Å"You’ve given this a lot of thought!† question, because it gives the participant credit and makes him or her feel empowered. These hypothetical questions give the opportunity to ask interviewees about how they would react to or feel about an event that could happen. It could be as simple as the following: After you discover that a worker has taken advantage of on-site child care, you ask other employees about possible consequences for them if that service were to no longer be provided free of charge or at all. 4. Finally, I will use summary questions to signal a transition to a new topic area or the end of the interview. They are usually very simple, such as â€Å"Do you feel there’s anything else we should discuss about (the topic) before we move on?† This lets interviewees know that you realize you’re not perfect, that they might know something you don’t, and that you welcome their bringing it to your attention. 2. Given what you read in Chapter 8 in our textbook, design a training program for law enforcement officers teaching interrogation techniques that reduce the errors associated with interviewing. Interrogations are considered to be one of the most important phases of the investigation process. Once a confession statement is obtained during an interrogation it is not easily retracted. In most cases criminal investigators are not trained to believe that false confessions occur and can be easily obtained from suspects but can be prevented given a training program on teaching interrogation techniques that reduce the errors associated with interviewing. Hence, I will design a novel training program with which a highly intense psychological interrogation techniques on the elicitation of true and false confession. First, the interview should begin with confronting the suspect`s guilt by telling the suspect that there is no doubt that he or she is involved in the crime. Next, the enforcement officers should developed â€Å"themes† that would justify the criminal act- a way to rationalize for the crime. An example is the interrogator should suggest to the suspect that the victim was responsible for the crime because of his or her behavior. The third step teaches the interrogator to try and interrupt all efforts at denial during the interview. The fourth step of the program advices that the officer should overcome the suspect`s factual, moral, and emotional objections to the charges. At the next step, the interrogator should ensure that the passive suspect does not withdraw. Once the officer detects any indication that the suspect is starting to withdraw, they should immediately act upon it. During this stage on the interview, the investigator should show sympathy and understanding toward the suspect and advises him/her to tell the truth. Next, it is to recommend that the interrogator offer the suspect an alternative explanation for the criminal act. Research question could be â€Å"Did you blow the money on booze, drugs, and women and party with it, or did you need it to help out your family? In step 8 of the program, I suggest that the officer should attempt to get the suspect to describe the details of the crime. If the oral confession from step 8 is successfully obtained during the interrogation, then the step 9 serves to convert the statement just given into a full confession statement. 3. Discuss the 3-level hierarchical model of the modern Binet and compare it to Spearman’s concept of general mental ability. The 3-level hierarchical model of the modern Binet represents a basic theoretical and empirical model of cognitive abilities pursued the dual goal of retaining as many item types as possible from the earlier editions while incorporating current ability constructs. The modern Binet determined the four areas of cognitive ability: verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, and short-term memory. The modern Binet also provide a global index of functioning that would represent what is commonly known as ‘g’ or general reasoning ability. These separate areas are the united in a 3-level hierarchical model of intelligence which provided their theoretical model of human intelligence. While Binet assumes that a unitary or pervasive factor (i.e., judgment or adaptation) was the common denominator of human intelligence, Spearman viewed it as a hypothesis yet to be tested. He found that the arrangement of general human abilities could be expressed by a definite mathematical equation (i.e., tetrad) and comparing it to Binet, he has the famous two-factor theory of intelligence. The â€Å"general factor† and denoted by the letter g. The second is known as the â€Å"specific factor† and is denoted by the letter s. Spearman`s main conclusion relating to the presence of g have proved to be sound and its presence in the theoretical model hypothesized for the modern Binet can be tentatively accepted. Further, Spearman recognized that problem solving speed and intelligence were correlated. He did, however, disagree with Binet and Simon`s theoretical position that their tests worked because they measured individually patterned intelligences. For Spearman, a general factor along with specific factors of different magnitudes explained intelligent behavior. 4. Choose one of the WAIS-III subtests and describe possible non-intellective factors that may influence an individual’s performance. The WAIS-III consists of 14 subtests. The WAIS elicits three intelligence   quotient scores, based on an average of 100, as well as subtest and index scores. WAIS subtests measure specific verbal abilities and specific performance abilities. The WAIS elicits an overall intelligence quotient, called the full-scale IQ, as well as a verbal IQ and a performance IQ. The three IQ scores are standardized in such a way that the scores have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Wechsler pioneered the use of deviation IQ scores, allowing test takers to be compared to others of different as well as the same age. WAIS scores are sometimes converted into percentile ranks. The verbal and performance IQ scores are based on scores on the 14 subtests. The 14 subtest scores have a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of three. The WAIS also elicits four indices, each based on a different set of subtests: verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed. Tasks on the WAIS include questions of general knowledge, traditional   arithmetic problems, a test of vocabulary, completion of pictures with missing elements, arrangements of blocks and pictures, and assembly of objects. picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, object assembly, digit symbol, matrix reasoning, and symbol search. Matrix reasoning and symbol search are new subtests and were added to the most recent edition of the WAIS (WAIS-III). I would like to discuss the picture completion subtest. Here, the test taker is required to complete pictures with missing elements. The picture arrangement subtest entails arranging pictures in order to tell a story. The block design subtest requires test takers to use blocks to make specific designs. The object assembly subtest requires people to assemble pieces in such a way that a whole object is built. In the digit symbol subtest, digits and symbols are presented as pairs and test takers then must pair additional digits and symbols. 6. Discuss the implications of testing infants. What are the advantages and disadvantages of such procedures? In infancy (the period from birth through 18 months), testing consists primarily of measurement of sensorimotor development. This includes, for example, the measurement of nonverbal, motor responses such as turning over, lifting the head, sitting up, following a moving object with the eyes, imitating gestures, and reaching for a group of objects. Hence, the examiner who attempts to assess the intellectual and related abilities of infants must be skillful in establishing and maintaining rapport with examinees who do not yet know the meaning of words like cooperation and patience. Typically, measures of infant intelligence rely to a great degree on information obtained from a structured interview with the examinee’s parents, guardians, or other caretakers. Infant testing, combined with other information (such as birth history, emotional and social history, health history, data on the quality of the physical and emotional environment, and measures of adaptive behavior) have proved useful to health professionals when suspicions about developmental disability and related deficits have been raised. The tests have also proved useful in helping to define the abilities, as well as the extent of disability, in older, psychotic children. Furthermore, the tests have been in use for a number of years by many adoption agencies that will disclose and interpret such information to prospective adoptive parents. Infant tests also have wide application in the area of research and can play a part in selecting infants for specialized early educational experiences or in measuring the outcome of educational, therapeutic, or prenatal care interventions. What is the meaning of a score on an infant intelligence test? Whereas some of the developers of infant tests (such as Cattell, 1940; Gesell et al., 1940) claimed that such tests can predict future intellectual ability because they measure the developmental precursors to such ability, others have insisted that performance on such tests at best reflects the infant’s physical and neuropsychological intactness. The research literature supports a middle ground between these extreme positions. In general, the tests have not been found to predict performance on child or adult intelligence tests—tests that tap vastly different types of abilities and thought processes. The predictive ability of infant intelligence tests does tend to increase with the extremes of the infant’s performance. The test interpreter can say with authority more about the future performance of an infant whose performance was either profoundly below age expectancy or significantly precocious. References Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications and Issues (7th ed.) by Robert M. Kaplan and Dennis P. Saccuzzo. Published by Thomson Wadsworth.

Thomas Jefferson :: Biography Biographies Bio Jefferson Essays

Thomas Jefferson Jefferson was born at Shadwell, his father's home in Albemarle county, Va., on April 13, 1743. His father, Peter Jefferson, a man of legendary strength, was a successful planter and surveyor who gained minor title to fame as an explorer and mapmaker. His prominence in his own locality is attested by the fact that he served as a burgess and as county lieutenant. Jefferson later held the same offices. Through his mother, Jane Randolph, a member of one of the most famous Virginia families, Thomas was related to many of the most prominent people in Virginia. Besides being well born, Thomas Jefferson was well educated. In small private schools, notably that of James Maury, he was thoroughly grounded in the classics. He attended the College of William and Mary--completing the course in 1762--where Dr. William Small taught him mathematics and introduced him to science. He associated intimately with the liberal-minded Lt. Gov. Francis Fauquier, and read law (1762-1767) with George Wythe, the greatest law teacher of his generation in Virginia. Jefferson became unusually good at law. He was admitted to the bar in 1767 and practiced until 1774, when the courts were closed by the American Revolution. He was a successful lawyer, though professional income was only a supplement. He had inherited a considerable landed estate from his father, and doubled it by a happy marriage on Jan. 1, 1772, to Martha Wayles Skelton However, his father-in-law's estate imposed a burdensome debt on Jefferson. He began building Monticello before his marriage, but his mansion was not completed in its present form until a generation later. Jefferson's lifelong emphasis on local government grew directly from his own experience. He served as magistrate and as county lieutenant of Albemarle county. Elected to the House of Burgesses when he was 25, he served there from 1769 to 1774, showing himself to be an effective committeeman and skillful draftsman, though not an able speaker. The Revolutionary Era From the beginning of the struggle with the mother country, Jefferson stood with the more advanced Patriots, grounding his position on a wide knowledge of English history and political philosophy. His most notable early contribution to the cause of the Patriots was his powerful pamphlet A Summary View of the Rights of British America (made in 1774), originally written for presentation to the Virginia convention of that year. In this he emphasized natural rights, including that of emigration, and denied parliamentary authority over the colonies, recognizing no tie with the mother country except the king.

“Graduate Unemployment in Nigeria: Causes, Effects and Remedies”

ELEGBEDE SIKIRULAHI TUNDE DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, LAGOS , NIGERIA. ABSTRACT This paper examines causes of unemployment in Nigeria as well as the consequences and implications of graduate unemployment in Nigeria. The paper also provides useful suggestion and recommendations on how to curb graduate in Nigeria. The paper adopts empirical analysis to examine the causes of unemployment in Nigeria. The data used in this study is of two type primary and secondary data. However, for the primary data the questionnaire was used to solicit responses from the respondents. In conclusion economic recession, governmental policy, employment of expatriates and trade union wage demand increase the rate of unemployment. The study emphasis that planning for human resources use in Nigeria has been based on guesswork and must be re-evaluate. I. INTRODUCTION Economists are unable to agree on the causes of or cures for unemployment (or anything else, it seems). The essence of the Keynesian explanation is that firms demand too little labour because individuals demand too few goods. The classical view was that unemployment was voluntary and could be cleared by natural market forces. The neo-classical theory is that there is a natural rate of unemployment, which reflects a given rate of technology, individual preferences and endowments. With flexible wages in a competitive labour market, wages adjust to clear the market and any unemployment that remains is voluntary. The latter view was that held by Milton Friedman and strongly influenced government policy in the early 1980s, but without success. There is, of course, no simple explanation of unemployment and no simple solution. Unemployment can conceive as the number of people who are unemployed in an area, often given as a percentage of the total labor force. 1 These categorical of persons or people are actively looking for paid employment without success under the prevailing economic condition. Unemployment is the greatest challenge to underdeveloped and developing countries. the phenomenon of graduate unemployment ( GU) as it is being experienced in the developing countries constitute a peculiar problems to labor market and the general economy of these countries. From the content analysis perceptions of job seekers on the issue of graduate unemployment in a study conducted by Fajana (2000), the following factors were identified as the major causes of unemployment in Nigeria: the long period of initial unemployment among university graduates in Nigeria , faulty manpower planning and expansion of educational facilities that have unduly raised the expectations of Nigerian youths , the economic recession , continued proportionality of expatriates in employment , the institution of NYSC ,the collective bargaining process, graduate attitude to some type of jobs attitude to jobs in other location as well as search behaviour of employers and job seekers, use of capital intensive technology , wide rural- urban migration , formal – informal sectors differentials. All these and many other factors contribute the causes of graduate unemployment in Nigeria. The objective of this paper is to critically evaluates all these factors so as to determine t heir impacts graduate job seekers in Nigeria and other LDCs. The purpose of this paper is to examine all the various factors that contribute to graduate unemployment with the view to provide suggestions and solutions on how to curb the problem of graduate unemployment in Nigeria. This paper will also examine how the actions of the industrial relations actors contribute to graduate unemployment in Nigeria. This paper intends to achieve the following: 1- To identify the causes of unemployment in Nigeria 2- To examine the consequences and implications of graduate unemployment in Nigeria. 3- To provide useful suggestion and recommendations on how to curb graduate unemployment. 4- To provide the framework for further studies in this area. 5- T o provide guidelines and information for policy formulation in curbing unemployment in Africa. II. LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Fajana ( 2000), and Standing( 1983) opined that unemployment can be describe as the state of worklessness experienced by persons who are members of the labour force who perceived themselves and are perceived by others as capable of work. Unemployed people can be categorized into those who have never worked after graduation from the university and those who and those who have lost their jobs thereby seeking reentry into labour market. However, most of the previous study on unemployment of youths especially of graduates unemployment in developing countries ( Falae , 1971,Bhalla 1973;Diejomaoh,1979; Bear and Herve 1966;Bhagwati 1973; Diejomaoh and Orimolade 1971) have tended to ignore the special case of the university graduates that are first time job seeker. This study makes an attempt to focus on the university graduate first job seeker. According to William (1976) the meaning of work to paid employment is the result of the development of capitalist productive relations. However, according to Fajana (2002) the concept of work has partly shifted from productive effort itself to the predominant social relationship. For instance , it is only in the sense of social relationship that a woman running a house and bringing up children can be said not to be working ( Hayes and Nutman,1981;Iyoha ) UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA: TRENDS After the 1967-1970 civil war in Nigeria , the incidence of graduate unemployment was suspected, rumored and feared( Fajana 2000). In this regards professor Diejomaoh ( 1979) in a study conducted at the human resource unit of the university of Lagos found that the incidence of graduate unemployment between 1965 and 1972 was not a serious problem contrary to what is being dreaded. Similarly , Folayan Ojo ( 1979) attributed whatever level of graduate unemployment ( presumably small ) during the period 1965-1972 to ; slow bureaucratic machinery for the processing of application for jobs and the influence system might have caused some graduates to remain temporarily unemployed for the first few months after graduation. However at that time there had been shortage of medical doctors, graduate teachers and engineers while agriculture graduate are under-utilized. However, the trends have changed greatly from late 1970s till date. Currently the number of universities has increased and their curricular have expanded. The motivation for the establishment of private universities was in part a response to unprecedented demand by Nigerians for higher education ( Sylverster Ugoh ,1982) 3 with phenomenal expansion in education , the demand for this service and students enrollment had become so rife that by 1985 the turn out figure had risen to 30,000 per year even into the 1990s ( federal ministry of labour ,1985) the trend of undergraduate application and admission into universities is shown in table 1 and 2 below: 2003/2004 M F 2004/2005 M F 2005/2006 M F 2006/2007 M F 2007/2008 M F 603,176 443,764 484,217 353,834 527,180 390,780 521,170 391,180 578,715 455,368 TABLE 1: TOTAL NUMBER OF UNIVERSITIES ENROLMENT BETWEEN 2003 AND 2008. SOURCE: JOINT ADMISSION AND MATRICULATION BOARD, 2009 2003/2004 M F 2004/2005 M F 2005/2006 M F 2006/2007 M F 62,023 43,984 60,049 45,906 39,743 25,775 42,953 28,044 TABLE 2: TOTAL NUMBER OF ADMISSION OFFERED BETWEEN 2003 AND 2007. SOURCE: JOINT ADMISSION AND MATRICULATION BOARD, 2009 The trend of undergraduate application and admission into all universities in Nigeria between 2003 and 2008 shows that between 2003/2004 sessions 603,176(male) and 443,764(female) candidates applied for different degree programmes and only 62,023(male) and 43984(female) candidates were offered admissions. 4 TABLE 3: TOTAL ENROLMENT IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITIES BY MAJOUR DISCIPLINE. 5 TABLE 4: GRADUATE OUTPUT IN NIGERIA The identified developmental problem by the Nigerian developmental plans of 196285 includes shortages of skilled manpower, uneven distribution of available manpower among regions and between urban and rural areas, unemployment in the informal sector s well as widespread under-employment particularly in the informal sector, inadequate or undeveloped organizations and institutions for mobilizing human effort , lack of incentives for people to engage in particular activities which are important for national development , and a rapidly growing population( Folayan Ojo,1979) and ( Fajana, 2000). Since the middle of the 1970s, the policy of increased enrolment and turnout of university graduates was aimed at easing some of the development problems 6 identified above. It was hoped that by providing the required quality and quantity of different manpower the nation can advanced at a faster pace. Hence the incidence of graduate unemployment is indeed an unfortunate problem, as these graduates find it difficult to enter labour activities to generate growth and development for the economy (Fajana, 2000). UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA: CAUSES The yearbook of labour statistics (1984, 1985, 1986) reports that unemployment rate has generally risen during the world wide recession of the 1980s and 90s. The rational steps taken by most management to cope with the recession includes ban on recruitment. Since graduate are mostly first job seekers, this practice of natural wastage, which involves the refusal to fill vacancies imply that graduates directly hit. The annual reports of civil service commission ( 1981,1982) show that overseas recruitment were carried out ostensibly because of the absence of qualified Nigerians to fill some technological and professional jobs. This may have contributed to the problem of unemployment in Nigeria. Contrary to this, Fajana (2000) argued that the presence of expatriates in jobs may not cause graduate unemployment. Nevertheless, this factor become very important when solutions to the problem are being sought. One of the measures adopted by governments in developing countries as part of their policy package to solve manpower problems is the establishment of national youth service programmes (Godfrey, 1970). The National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) in Nigeria came into being in 1973 in response to the particular urgent needs of fostering national unity, a means of recouping government investments in graduates. Unfortunately, the NYSC scheme has encouraged employers (private and public) to shy away from employing graduates. It can be said that it has contributed to graduate unemployment in Nigeria. The labour decree (1974, section 19) protects older workers from being laid off in a situation of redundancy. As labour and management makes an attempt in trying to cope with the recession, they adopt the policy of last-in-first out, coupled with the ban on recruitment during recession. These seemed to have combined to exert a great impact on the employment situation for graduates trying to seek first jobs. Industrialization in Nigeria has been pursued haphazardly with little or no attention paid to manpower development implications of the adopted strategies. For instance , 7 after independence , a battery of incentives were offered to industrialists to lure foreign investment into Nigeria. But, the industrialists that came were capital intensive in their operation and could not absolve proportional size of the growing labour force in gainful employment (Yesufu, 1971). PSYCHO-SOCIAL EFFECT OF UNEMPLOYMENT Graduate initial unemployment and idleness have adverse psychological , social , occupational and financial effects on them Fashoyin (1987) and Fajana (2000). unemployment has serious effects both on the their present living conditions and their outlook in the future and on the society in which they are supposed to be part. Unemployment is the undoing of graduates because its literally destroys them morally and rapture the ties and relationship they form. People who have no jobs feel insignificant and inferior. And always having the feeling that they are ostracized from the rest of the society , and most often they are regarded as parasites by other people. In most societies conventional work ethic suggests that unemployment is unwelcome because of the special role and meaning work has. In particular, young people in this situation feel that they must find work, no matter what. At the beginning of the search period , they look for jobs suited to their qualifications , training or trade but later on they look for any kind of work ( Hayes and Nutman , 1981) and any kind of pay ( Kasper,1987) Unemployment and under- employment may cause people to flee the rural areas , move about or migrate. The later effect will tend to explain some of the current wave of brain drain to the advanced countries from less developed world. The unemployed produce an unsettled labour force, and in urban areas they may lead to overcrowding and crimes. Research findings by Hayes and Nutman (1980) indicated that in a period characterized by a permanent stable high unemployment situation, there will be considerable increase in deaths due to cardiovascular diseases and cirrhosis of the liver and murders too. According to Banks and Ullah (1988) there will also be increase in admission into psychiatric hospitals (for mental illness) and also imprisonment arising from the criminal tendencies of idle hands. In summary, Fajana (2000) opined that unemployment can lead to the following: loss of status , loss of prestige and economic strength or power as a result of the loss of 8 ages and benefits of job, infliction of psychological injury as result of the breakdown in social contacts and isolation from the world of work , loss of responsibility ,identity and respect which the position at work ensures , loss of purchasing power , los s of union check off dues , loss of production and stunting of gross national product , reduction in the pay –roll tax revenues of the state . III. METHODOLOGY The data used in this study is of two type primary and secondary data. However, for the primary data the questionnaire was used to solicit responses from the respondents. It has been structure objectively, considering the time lag and its relative advantage to minimize cost. The questionnaire is divided into two main parts i. e. part I and part II. Also interviews was conducted among graduate job seekers. Part I seeks personal data of the respondent ranging from age, sex to educational qualification. These were used to compare the characteristics of the sample with that of the population. Part II is structured basically o delve into the opinion of the respondents so as to have a logical yardstick to refute or accept our research hypothesis. The population of this study was Stronix Consults Nigeria Limited (SCNL). SCNL is a recruitment and employment firm with focus on recruitment, selection and placement of job applicants into different organizations. The total number of job applicant including unsolicited applications is 1500 job applicants. This number is assumed to be the study population and 10 percent of this number was used as the sample size which is 150. Stratified sampling method was used for this study. The stratified methods group the population into some definite characteristics (strata). This is suitable for the purpose of this research as it makes it possible for our random selection to be done across all disciplines (Art/Humanities, Sciences and Education). As mention earlier the data for this study was collected basically through the questionnaire and interview method. The questionnaire was administered at random among job seeker. The study population consists of unemployed graduate in Gbagada, Lagos. IV. RESULTS SPSS data analysis was used to test the hypothesis for this study. The major hypotheses tested are as follows: 9 Hypothesis one H0: Governmental policy, economic recession, employment of expatriates and trade unions wage demands does not significantly contribute to the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. H1: Governmental policy, economic recession, employment of expatriates and trade unions wage demands significantly contribute to the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. Hypothesis two H0: rural urban migration, imposition of minimum wage and influence system does not significantly contribute to the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. H1: rural urban migration, imposition of minimum wage and influence system significantly contribute to the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. TESTING THE FIRST HYPOTHESIS TABLE 4. 1 Model Summary Adjusted Std. Error Mod el 1 2 3 4 R . 255(a) . 251(b) . 244(c) . 218(d) R Square . 065 . 063 . 060 . 048 R Square . 019 . 029 . 037 . 036 of the Estimate 1. 231 1. 224 1. 219 1. 220 Regression coefficient was use to test if there is any significant relationship between unemployment ( criterion/ dependent variable) and governmental policy , economic recession , employment of expatriates and trade unions wage demand ( predictor / independent variables) The backward regression analysis was used and from table 4. 1 above the first model has the best fit for the purpose of analysis because it has the highest percentage of R square of 0. 065. Therefore, the first model was used to analysis major findings. 10 TABLE 4. 2 Coefficients(a) Standardiz Unstandardized Coefficients Mod el 1 (Constant) Unemployment rate in Nigeria is as a result of economy recession Do you think that government economic brings unemployment Nigeria? Do you think that employment expatriates contribute graduate unemployment the country? Do you agree that trade unions wages demand the increase . 047 rate of . 125 . 042 . 376 . 708 in to the -. 053 . 092 -. 063 -. 578 . 565 of policy about in -. 101 . 103 -. 108 -. 986 . 327 -. 168 . 094 -. 201 -1. 790 . 077 B 3. 451 Std. Error . 550 Beta B 6. 269 ed Coefficients T Sig. Std. Error . 000 unemployment? From table 4. 2 it is only trade union wage demand that has the highest impact on the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. That is trade union wage demand is significance than the other three variables. However, the first hypothesis was tested using 5% 11 level (alpha) of significance. Since alpha is less than p value (table 4. 2, 0. 077, 0. 327, 0. 565, 0. 708) In conclusion economic recession, governmental policy, employment of expatriates and trade union wage demand increase the rate of unemployment. Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependent Variable: For how long have you been unemployed 1. 0 0. 8 Expected Cum Prob 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0. 0 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Figure 1 Observed Cum Prob 12 TESTING THE SECOND HYPOTHESIS Table 4. 3 Model Summary Adjusted Std. Error Mod el 1 2 3 4 R . 214(a) . 209(b) . 162(c) . 000(d) R Square . 046 . 044 . 026 . 000 R Square . 013 . 022 . 015 . 000 of the Estimate 1. 218 1. 213 1. 217 1. 226 Regression coefficient was use to test if there is any significant relationship between unemployment ( criterion/ dependent variable) rural-urban migration, lack of labour market information, imposition of minimum wages ( predictors / independent variables) The backward regression analysis was used and from table 4. 3 above the first model has the best fit for the purpose of analysis because it has the highest percentage of R square of 0. 046 Therefore; the first model was used to analysis major findings. Table 4. 4 Coefficients(a) Standardiz Unstandardized Coefficients Mod el 1 (Constant) B 2. 439 Std. Error . 474 Beta B 5. 150 ed Coefficients t Sig. Std. Error . 000 13 Do you agree that rural-urban migration about bring -. 165 graduate . 093 -. 192 -1. 782 . 078 unemployment? Do you agree that lack market is a of labour information contributory . 052 . 110 . 052 . 469 . 640 factor to graduate unemployment Nigeria? Do you agree that imposition minimum of wages . 103 . 096 . 119 1. 069 . 288 in contribute to the rate of unemployment? From table 4. 2 it is only rural –urban migration that has the highest impact on the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. That is rural-urban migration is significance than the other two variables. However, the second hypothesis was also tested using 5% level (alpha) of significance. Since alpha is less than p value (table 4. 4. 0. 078, 0. 640, 0. 288,) In conclusion rural-urban migration, lack of information and imposition of minimum wage bring about unemployment. V. CONCLUSIONS Planning for human resources use in Nigeria has been based on guesswork. Rational steps taken by most management to cope with the recession include ban on recruitment. The practice of natural wastage, which involves the refusal to fill vacancies imply that job seekers are directly hit. Though the rate of appointment of expatriates has been slowed since 1982, presently a reasonable percentage of the labour force in Nigeria is still dominated by foreigners. Most private and even public institutions tend to see the NYSC as a means of securing cheap labour. They utilize the services corp members each year but tend not to absolve any substantial number at the end of the service year. The 14 adoption of the policy of last –in – first out by labour and management, coupled with ban on recruitment seemed to exert a great impact on the employment situation of university graduates. Existence of artificial barriers to geographical mobility of labour, cultural employment practices , localization and truncating of potentials along tribal lines , marginalization of the poor and the poor state of social infrastructure ( Ukpong,1994). Femi Fajana ( 1994) and Anyanwu ( 1994) argued that failure of the Nigerian government to appraise the employment implications of international trade policies, monetary and fiscal policies immensely contribute to unemployment rate in the country. Notwithstanding the above mentioned adverse effect and consequences of unemployment in the Nigerian economy , a number of general approaches are being recommended for the purpose of curbing the unemployment menace ( Fajana, 2000) these are approaches are : The defective approach to hr planning should reverse ,i. e coordinated planning for human resources should be encourage at all level of the economy. Coordinated effort towards labour intensive project Resuscitate labour exchanges programmes based on comparative cost advantage Orientation of university graduates to change their perceptions about menial jobs Elimination of rigid job and wage preference Graduate should be encourage to study for a higher degree in a more relevant discipline to reduce skills-mismatch Validation of selection instrument and deemphasize reliance on the influence system In a situation of massive unemployment, the union’s role is to protect the interest of members; the labour is segmented in the process. But unions must broaden their aims in such circumstances to include social justice for all employed and unemployed people. The trade unions can also help in creating more jobs by instating as far as possible on labour intensive project. 15 – Population control, reduction in the rate of expansion of higher education , review of funding for higher education , diversification of the economy, exploring the possibility of labour exports. References Beer , W And Herves M. E. A ( 1966). ‘ Employment And Indusstrialization In Developing Countries’, Quarterly journal of Economics, Vol. 30 No. 1 Bhalla A. S ( 1973) ‘ A Disaggregative Approach To Employment In Less Developed Countries ‘ The Journal Of Development Studies Berg, E. J. (1969) ‘wages policy and employment in less developed countries ‘, in R. Robinson, Ibid. Diejomoah V. P And Orimolade W. A. T (1971). ‘ Unemployment In Nigeria: An Economic Analysis Of Scope , Trends And policy Issues ‘ Nigerian Journal Of Economic And Social Studies Vol. 13 no. 2 Pp 127-160 Berg, E. J 9 (1969) ‘Urban Real wage And the Nigerian Trade Union Movement (1939-1960: a comment’ Economic Development and Cultural Change, (EDDC), VOL. 17 NO. 4 Fajana, S. (1987) economic Recession, Collective Bargaining And labour Market Segmentation In Nigeria, Nigerian Management Review CMD, Lagos, Vol. 2, No 1, P9-16 Fajana, S (2000) Functioning Of the Nigerian Labour Market, Labofin and Company, Lagos, Nigeria. Fashoyin ,T. ( 1980) Industrial Relations In Nigeria, Macmillan , London Fashoyin, T. ( 1987) collective Bargaining In Public Sector In Nigeria, Macmillan , Lagos. Falae,S. O ( 1971),’ unemployment In Nigeria’ Nigerian journal of economic and social studies, vol. 3 , no1, march. Kilby, P ( 1967) Industrial Relations And Wage Determination : Failure of the AngloSaxo Model , Journal of Developing Areas ( JDA) , Vol. 1 No. 14, July. Kilby, P. ( 1969) Industrialization In An Open Economy : Nigeria , ! 9451966,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Otobo , D . ( 2002) Industrial Relations ; Theories and controversies , Malthouse Press limited, Lagos , Nigeria. 16 Standing ,G ( 1983) ‘the notion of structural unemployment’ international labour review, volume 22 No2 P. 137-153 Weeks , J. ( 1968) ‘ A comment On Kilby : Industrial Relations And Wage determination, Journal Of Developing Areas ( JDA) , Vol. 3, No. 1. 17

Teens and Sex

Persuasive Essay Teens and Sex Word Count: 871 Revised Persuasive Essay Teens and Sex The sexual activity of adolescences in America today is a critical issue that seems to be growing rapidly. With the mass media promoting almost every aspect of sex, teen sexuality has become one of the most important issues in our society. As society has entered into the age of â€Å"sexual revolution† in the twentieth century, children have grown more susceptible to the idea of sex. Regardless of parental guidance and educational programs, teenagers are still very curious.Curiosity about sex and sexual activity is natural, but the lack of concern for consequences and irresponsible activity is dangerous. The increasing issue of adolescent sexual activity could have a powerful affect on their future, which includes sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), teen pregnancy, and even emotional instability. Curiosity about sexual activity is natural, but is the act normal in adolescents? Researchers h ave revealed that teenage sexual activity can expose new levels of intimacy; therefore, valuable lessons may be learned and different perspectives may develop, necessary for the understanding of the act.This knowledge becomes practical later in life when meaningful lifelong commitments arise (Zorn, E. , 1998, July 20). Sexuality is complicated amongst adolescents, yet the knowledge about love, respect, and the experience may result in wiser decisions as adults. The fact is adolescents are looking to the adults in their lives for guidance, restrictions, and values. Teenage sex is normal; however, sometimes the act is a mistake and could change a life forever. This year 3 million sexually active teens, approximately 25%, are infected with a STD.About one-quarter of all new cases, occur in teenagers (Mayer, B. , 2005). The statistics indicate that sexual transmitted diseases infect over 8,000 teenagers everyday. STDs in sexually active teenagers produce astonishing statistics, which sh ould be used in every phase of the educational process. With statistics at hand and deadly viruses on the rise, teenagers and their educators need to concentrate on the studies that are available to them. In 1994, the Journal f the American Medical Women's Association conducted a study which illustrated that, out of 25 reporting states, 193 teens between the ages of 15 and 19 had contracted the Human Immunodeficiency Virus or better known today as the HIV virus. The same study was conducted again in 1998, with the same 25 reporting states and showed that 418 teens had contracted this fatal virus (â€Å"A Really Scary Adolescent Worry: HIV. †, 2001, August 6). This particular study demonstrated that the number of infected teens had more then doubled within a four-year span.This article is a freighting source that could keep teens consciously considering their decisions regarding sexual activities. There is a concern with not only STDs but also a concern for â€Å"kids raising kids†. Sexually active adolescences take a risk of becoming parents themselves. Teen pregnancy can complicate a young girl’s future hopes, dreams, and goals. A young girl who has a child before graduating from high school is less likely to complete school than one who does not have a child (Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2002).Anyone without a high school education in today’s society will find that obtaining a job with good wages and benefits is difficult. Young parents often have to depend on the means of others for the help needed in raising their children. Whether the support needed is financial or emotional, someone has to compensate for the mistakes of kids having kids. Social welfare, a government-funded program, can be an alternative for young parents with financial barriers. Looking at the broader spectrum and statistics, we may find that American citizens are likely to pay for the undereducated and underprivileged adolescences with children.Society needs to protect teenagers from the risk of premature parenthood, and we need to protect the children they would struggle to raise. In addition to its role in promoting teen pregnancy and the current epidemic of STDs, early sexual activity is a substantial factor in undermining the emotional well-being of American teenagers (Rector, R. , Johnson, K. , & Noyes L. , 2005). Sexually active teens have an emotional instability, which could be one cause of teen suicide increases.Most sexually active teenagers have a sense of regret in their decision to have intercourse with the majority wishing they had waited until they were older. Depression amongst sexually active teens could have come from the thought of multiple partners, a STD that they had contracted, or an abortion a young girl had to go through. There is a variety of causes for depression in teens, but sexual activity is one cause that with education, parental guidance, and abstinence could be reduced. Sexual activity in adolescences is an essential concern that society needs to address.With the masses behind the promotion of sex and the miscommunication about sex to teenagers gives society a task that seems impossible. Educational programs that promote contraception are not enough with teenagers’ intense interest. Contraception will not prevent the physical and psychological effects surrounding sexually active teens. Several ways to limit sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancies, and emotional instabilities in adolescents today is not only powerful parental reinforcement and intense sexual education programs, but also encouraging the idea of abstinence.When exposing all three preventative elements, adolescents should become more aware and reluctant to their sexual surroundings. References Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2002). The facts of teen pregnancy: An overview. In M. H. Immell (Ed. ), Greenhaven Press, 7. Retrieved December 1, 2005 from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. Maher, B. (2005). Ab stinence is the best message for teens. In C. Watkins (Ed. ), Greenhaven Press, 1. Retrieved December 1, 2005 from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. A really scary adolescent worry: HIV. 2001, August 6). U. S. News & World Report 131, 6. Retrieved December 1, 2005 from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. Rector, R. E. , Johnson, K. A. & Noyes, L. R. (2005). Sexually active teens are more likely to commit suicide. In J. Woodward (Ed. ), Greenhaven Press, 10. Retrieved December 1, 2005 from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database. Zorn, E. (1998, July 20). Premarital teen sex is normal. In T. L. Roleff (Ed. ), Greenhaven Press, 15. Retrieved December 15, 2005 from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center database.

Healthcare reform initiatives that have been implemented in the past 2

Healthcare reform initiatives that have been implemented in the past 2 Introduction For a long time now, the polarizing debate concerning the healthcare systems of the United States of America has never ceased. Some people have argued that the Americans receive the best health care in the world with reference to the freely available medical technology as well as the system’s highly emblematic state-of-the-art facilities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Healthcare reform initiatives that have been implemented in the past 2-3 years specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the contrast, others have pointed out that it is the most inefficient in the world with the government spending very much on healthcare yet the citizens are prone to inequality, uninsurance and administrative waste. As a result, the government of USA initiated reforms to be made in the health care systems in a bid to perfect it to becoming one of the best in the world. If implemented, the reforms will lead to the bigge st expansion of the Medicare to have existed in the last 45 years (Reid 21). This paper is therefore a discussion and identification of the health care reforms that have been implemented in the past 2-3 years. The provisions of health care reforms It is during his tenure that President Obama became the signatory of the health care reform legislation into law in March 2010 (Bunce 4). He did this by signing two federal statutes that were enacted in the same year. These are Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. According to the new law, the health care system is bound to improve such that more people become insured and ensure that quality services are offered among other stipulated reforms. The reform was planned to take part in two phases with the first phase taking place between 2010 and 2013. This has provisions for expanding the insurance option such that more people obtain medical covers. In the second phas e Organizations will be forced to make sure that they obtain insurance for their employees. Implemented Reforms Since the enactment of the provisions into law, most of the reforms have already taken place some of which include the following;Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There has been an extension on the coverage for young adults such that they can continue being on the plans of their parents until they are 26 years of age. This has ensured that the young adults continue to receive proper healthcare until the time when they get jobs and are now able to pay for their own insurance (Reid 34). The lifetime limit that was before imposed is no longer in place as insurance companies have been banned from enforcing the lifetime dollar limits they initially placed o services such as the stay in hospitals. At the present, there are about 4 million businesses that have been authorized to get credit to cater for the employer’s contribution with regard to the health insurance plans for employees. This therefore ensures that the small businesses afford the expected contribution to the health insurance firms. The new plans have free preventive procedures on health care. For instance mammograms and colonoscopies are provided free on charge without being deducted on the employees pay slips. The consumers are protected such that they can make appeals on issue concerning their insurance. The reforms have seen that the primary care medical doctors are encouraged through incentives such as having their number increased, being allocated assistants to help them among others (Network 1). On the same matter, those healthcare providers working in the rural areas are offered increased support to ensure that they increase their efficiency in those areas. As a result the whole population has access to proper health care. The reforms have also seen the implementa tion of funding for projects that are aimed at preventing disease through the health fund. This is done through the Public Health Fund that was begun in the year 2010 (Network 1). Other of the reforms that have been implemented and are already in action up to no include; Increased home options for the disabled people, aid for the seniors once they leave the hospital on stays, discounted costs on Medicare, improved accountability and creation for a center of Medicare and Medicare innovation just to mention but a few. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be clearly seen that the signing of the bills by President Obama was a big step towards the beginning of attainment of proper health care for the American citizens. Despite the many challenges such as political influences and legal challenges, some of the reforms have been already implanted. The fact that these reforms are many number means that they cannot be all implanted at once hence the reason for the phases put in place to ensure the implementations occur sequentially. However, at the time when all the documented reforms are implemented, then Americans will be enjoying the best health care system in the whole world. This is because the better part of the population will be insured and all having access to proper health care. Bunce, V. and Matthews, M. The 2008 presidential candidates on health care reform. Web. Network. What is changing already as the healthcare reform law is implemented? Web. Reid, T. The Healing of America: A Global Quest for Better, Cheaper and Fairer Health Care. 2009. Penquin Books.